Prior to introducing natural enemies to the adventive range, biological control programmes use various approaches to evaluate the potential efficacy of insect agents, including the assessment of the life history traits, the impact of agents on their host plant and the taxonomic placement of the insect (McClay and Balciunas 2005 Cripps et al.
Biological control takes advantage of this by introducing specialist natural enemies such as insects from the native range into areas where the host plant has naturalised (Uyi and Igbinosa 2010 Schwarzländer et al. Insect herbivores are known to adversely impact the growth, reproduction, and competitive ability of their host plants (Myers and Sarfraz 2017), resulting in a top-down limitation or regulation of the population of these plants. Its release should complement the already released agents in reducing the fitness and productivity of C.
basilica meets the requirements of an effective biocontrol agent against C. The difference between the low- and high-infestation treatments was only significant for root biomass, suggesting that more galls are required for the roots to be affected.
The presence of galls also decreased the leaf and root dry biomass on the treated plants but had no significant impact on stem biomass. Basal stem diameter was not affected by the presence of the galls. odorata plants but promoted lateral growth by increasing the number of shoot tips. basilica oviposition and or the subsequent feeding by larvae reduced the height and flower production of C. basilica to oviposit for 48 h each month. control: 0% of the shoots were exposed, low infestation: 50% of shoots were exposed, and high infestation, where 100% of the shoots were exposed for P. An 8-months laboratory study was conducted to determine the impact of the galls induced by Polymorphomyia basilica oviposition and or the subsequent larval feedingon the growth and reproduction of Chromolaena odorata. Gall-inducing insects are a classic example of how insects can impact the morphology and physiology of their host plants by forming galls which act as nutrient sinks.
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